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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
<!--
Bird documentation
Look for "about this documenation" section to learn more.
Look for "about this documentation" section to learn more.
(set-fill-column 100)
@ -31,20 +31,20 @@ This document contains documentation for BIRD Internet Routing Daemon
<sect1>What is bird
<p><label id="intro"> You may wonder what 'bird' means. It is acronym of 'Basic Internet Routing
<p><label id="intro"> You may wonder what 'bird' means. It is acronym of 'BIRD Internet Routing
Daemon', and we think that's cool name. Its task is similar to what firmware of Cisco routers does,
or what gated (<HTMLURL URL="http://www.gated.org/">) or GNU zebra (<HTMLURL
URL="http://www.zebra.org/">) does. However, you can not run Cisco's firmware on "normal" computer
and gated is really hard to configure and comes under wrong license. Bird is being developed on
Charles University, Prague, and can be freely distributed under terms of GNU General Public
License. Bird is designed to run on unix and unix-like systems, it is primarily developed on Linux.
License. Bird is designed to run on Unix and unix-like systems, it is primarily developed on Linux.
<sect1>About this documentation
<p>This documentation can have 4 forms: sgml (this is master copy), html, ascii text (generated from
html) and dvi/postscript (generated from sgml using sgmltools). You should always edit master copy,
it is slightly modified linuxdoc dtd. Anything in &lt;descrip&gt; tags is considered definition of
configuration primitives, &lt;cf&gt; is fragment of configuartion within normal text, &lt;m&gt; is
configuration primitives, &lt;cf&gt; is fragment of configuration within normal text, &lt;m&gt; is
"meta" information -- something in config which is not keyword.
<sect1>Configuration
@ -79,36 +79,62 @@ ignored. If there's variable number of options, it is grouped using {
<sect2>Global options
<descrip>
<tag>log "<m/filename/"|syslog|stderr all|{ debug, trace, info,
remote, warning, error, auth, fatal, bug }</tag> set logging of
classes (either all or { error, trace } etc.) into selected
destination. You may specify more than one <cf/log/ line to
log to multiple destinations.
<tag>log "<m/filename/"|syslog|stderr all|{ debug, trace, info, remote, warning, error,
auth, fatal, bug }</tag> set logging of classes (either all or { error, trace } etc.) into
selected destination. You may specify more than one <cf/log/ line to log to multiple
destinations.
<tag>debug protocols all|off|{ states, routes, filters,
interfaces, events, packets }</tag> set debugging options.
<tag>debug protocols all|off|{ states, routes, filters, interfaces, events, packets }</tag>
set debugging options.
<tag>filter <m/name/ { <m/commands/ }</tag> define filter. You can
learn more about filters in next chapter.
<tag>filter <m/name/{ <m/commands/ }</tag> define filter. You can learn more about filters
in next chapter.
<tag>protocol rip|ospf|bgp <m/[name]/ { <m>protocol options</m> }</tag> define
protocol instance, called name (or called something like rip5
if you ommit name). You can learn more about
configuring protocols in their own chapters.
<tag>protocol rip|ospf|bgp <m/[name]/ { <m>protocol options</m> }</tag> define protocol
instance, called name (or called something like rip5 if you omit name). You can learn more
about configuring protocols in their own chapters.
<tag>define constant = expression</tag> define constant. You can
use it later in every place you could use simple integer.
<tag>define constant = expression</tag> define constant. You can use it later in every place
you could use simple integer.
<tag>router id <m/num.num.num.num/</tag> set router
id. Usually lowest IP address of router.
<tag>router id <m/num.num.num.num/</tag> set router id. Router
id needs to be world-wide unique 32bit number, identifying
router. It is usually one of router's IP addresses.
<tag>table <m/name/</tag> create new routing table.
</descrip>
<sect2>Per-protocol options
<p>FIXME - document preference, disabled, debug, import, export, table; see nest/config.Y
<descrip>
<tag>preference <m/expr/</tag> sets preference of this protocol.
<tag>disabled</tag> disables given protocol.
<tag>debug <m/setting/</tag> this is similar to global debug setting, except that it only
affects one protocol.
<tag>import <m/filter/</tag> filter can be either either <cf> { <m>filter commands</m>
}</cf> or <cf>filter <m/name/</cf>. Import filter works in direction from protocol to main
routing table.
<tag>export <m/filter/</tag> This is similar to <cf>export</cf> keyword, except that it
works in direction from main routing table to protocol.
</descrip>
<p>There are per-protocol options that give sense only with certain protocols.
<descrip>
<tag>passwords { password "<m/password/" from <m/time/ to <m/time/ passive <m/time/ id
<m/num/ [...] }</tag> specifies passwords to be used with this protocol. Passive time is
time from which password is not announced but is allowed. id is password id, as needed by
certain protocols.
<tag>interface "<m/mask/" [ { <m/option/ ; [ ... ] } ]</tag> specifies, which interfaces
this protocol is active at, and allows you to set options on interface-by-interface
basis. Mask is specified in shell-like patters, thus <cf>interface "*" { mode broadcast;
};</cf> will start given protocol on all interfaces, with <cf>mode broadcast;</cf> option.
</descrip>
<sect>Filters
@ -119,18 +145,16 @@ two objects in this language: filters and functions. Filters are called by bird
being passed between protocol and main routing table, and filters may call functions. Functions may
call other functions but recursion is not allowed. Filter language contains control structures such
as if's and switches, but it allows no loops. Filters are
interpretted. Filter using many features can be found in <file>filter/test.conf</file>.
interpreted. Filter using many features can be found in <file>filter/test.conf</file>.
<p>There's one strange thing with filter language: it does not permit you to create loops. There's
no equivalent of while() or for() command, and recursive functions are not permitted.
<p>You can find sources of filters language in
<file>filter/</file> directory. <file>filter/config.Y</file> contains
filter gramar, and basically translates source from user into tree of
<cf>f_inst</cf> structures. These trees are later interpreted using
code in <file>filter/filter.c</file>. Filters internally work with
values/variables in <code>struct f_val</code>, which contains type of
value and value.
<p>You can find sources of filters language in <file>filter/</file>
directory. <file>filter/config.Y</file> contains filter grammar, and basically translates source from
user into tree of <cf>f_inst</cf> structures. These trees are later interpreted using code in
<file>filter/filter.c</file>. Filters internally work with values/variables in <code>struct
f_val</code>, which contains type of value and value.
<p>Filter basically looks like this:
@ -153,8 +177,8 @@ int var;
<p>As you can see, filter has a header, list of local variables, and body. Header consists of <cf/filter/ keyword, followed by (unique) name of filter. List of local variables consists of
pairs <cf><M>type name</M>;</cf>, where each pair defines one local variable. Body consists of
<cf> { <M>statments</M> }</cf>. Statements are terminated by <cf/;/. You can group
several statments into one by <cf>{ <M>statments</M> }</cf> construction, that is usefull if
<cf> { <M>statements</M> }</cf>. Statements are terminated by <cf/;/. You can group
several statements into one by <cf>{ <M>statements</M> }</cf> construction, that is useful if
you want to make bigger block of code conditional.
<sect1>Data types
@ -163,33 +187,31 @@ you want to make bigger block of code conditional.
booleans (that is to prevent you from shooting in the foot).
<descrip>
<tag/bool/ this is boolean type, it can have only two values,
<cf/TRUE/ and <cf/FALSE/. Boolean is not compatible with
integer and is the only type you can use in if statments.
<tag/bool/ this is boolean type, it can have only two values, <cf/TRUE/ and
<cf/FALSE/. Boolean is not compatible with integer and is the only type you can use in if
statements.
<tag/int/ this is common integer, you can expect it to store
signed values from -2000000000 to +2000000000.
<tag/int/ this is common integer, you can expect it to store signed values from -2000000000
to +2000000000.
<tag/pair/ this is pair of two short integers. Each component
can have values from 0 to 65535. Constant of this type is
written as <cf/(1234,5678)/.
<tag/pair/ this is pair of two short integers. Each component can have values from 0 to
65535. Constant of this type is written as <cf/(1234,5678)/.
<tag/string/ this is string of characters. There are no ways to modify strings in filters. You can
pass them between functions, assign to variable of type string, print such variables, but
you can not concatenate two strings (for example). String constants are written as <cf/
"This is string constant"/.
<tag/string/ this is string of characters. There are no ways to modify strings in
filters. You can pass them between functions, assign to variable of type string, print
such variables, but you can not concatenate two strings (for example). String constants
are written as <cf/ "This is string constant"/.
<tag/ip/ this type can hold single ip address. Depending on version of bird you are using, it
can be ipv4 or ipv6 address. Ipv4 addresses addresses are written (as you would expect) as
can be IPv4 or IPv6 address. IPv4 addresses are written (as you would expect) as
<cf/1.2.3.4/. You can apply special operator <cf>.mask(<M>num</M>)</cf>
on values of type ip. It masks out all but first <cf><M>num</M></cf> bits from ip
address. So <cf/1.2.3.4.mask(8) = 1.0.0.0/ is true.
<tag/prefix/ this type can hold ip address, prefix len
pair. Prefixes are written as <cf><M>ip address</M>/<M>px
len</M></cf>. There are two special operators on prefix:
<cf/.ip/, which separates ip address from the pair, and
<cf/.len/, which separates prefix len from the pair.
<tag/prefix/ this type can hold ip address, prefix len pair. Prefixes are written as
<cf><M>ip address</M>/<M>px len</M></cf>. There are two special operators on prefix:
<cf/.ip/, which separates ip address from the pair, and <cf/.len/, which separates prefix
len from the pair.
<tag/set int|ip|prefix|pair/
filters know four types of sets. Sets are similar to strings: you can pass them around
@ -197,7 +219,7 @@ booleans (that is to prevent you from shooting in the foot).
[ 1, 2, 5..7 ]</cf>. As you can see, both simple values and ranges are permitted in
sets. Sets of prefixes are special: you can specify which prefixes should match them by
using <cf>[ 1.0.0.0/8+, 2.0.0.0/8-, 3.0.0.0/8{5,6} ]</cf>. 3.0.0.0/8{5,6} matches
prefixes 3.X.X.X, whose prefixlength is 5 to 6. 3.0.0.0/8+ is shorthand for 3.0.0.0/{0,8},
prefixes 3.X.X.X, whose prefix length is 5 to 6. 3.0.0.0/8+ is shorthand for 3.0.0.0/{0,8},
3.0.0.0/8- is shorthand for 3.0.0.0/{0,7}.
<tag/enum/
@ -212,7 +234,7 @@ booleans (that is to prevent you from shooting in the foot).
<p>Filter language supports common integer operations (+,-,*,/), parenthesis (a*(b+c)), comparation
(a=b, a!=b, a&lt;b, a&gt;=b). Special operators include ~ for "in" operation. In operation can be
used on element and set of that elements, or on ip and prefix, or on prefix and prefix. Its result
is true if element is in given set or if ip adress is inside given prefix.
is true if element is in given set or if ip address is inside given prefix.
<sect1>Functions
@ -234,32 +256,27 @@ function with_parameters (int parameter)
</verb></cf>
<p>Unlike C, variables are declared after function line but before first {. You can not declare
variables in nested blocks. Functions are called like in C: <cf>name(); with_parameters(5);</cf>.
variables in nested blocks. Functions are called like in C: <cf>name();
with_parameters(5);</cf>. Function may return value using <cf>return <m/[expr]/</cf>
syntax. Returning value exits from current function (this is similar to C).
<p>Filters are declared in similar way to functions, except they can not have explicit
parameters. They get route table entry as implicit parameter.
parameters. They get route table entry as implicit parameter. Route table entry is passed implicitly
to any functions being called.
<sect1>Control structures
<p>Filters support two control structures: if/then/else and
case. Syntax of if/then/else is <cf>if <M>expression</M> then
<M>command</M>; else <M>command</M>;</cf> and you can use <cf>{
<M>command_1</M>; <M>command_2</M>; <M>...</M> }</cf> instead of one
or both commands. <cf>else</cf> clause may be ommited. Case is
used like this:
<p>Filters support two control structures: if/then/else and case. Syntax of if/then/else is <cf>if
<M>expression</M> then <M>command</M>; else <M>command</M>;</cf> and you can use <cf>{
<M>command_1</M>; <M>command_2</M>; <M>...</M> }</cf> instead of one or both commands. <cf>else</cf>
clause may be omitted.
<cf><verb>
case <M>argument</M> {
2: print "dva"; print "jeste jednou dva";
3 .. 5: print "tri az pet";
else: print "neco jineho";
}
</verb></cf>
where <M>argument</M> is any argument that can be on the left side of ~ operator, and anything that
could be member of set is allowed before :. Multiple commands are allowed without {} grouping. If
argument matches neither of : clauses, else: clause is used. (Case is actually implemented as set
matching, internally.)
<p><cf>case</cf> is similar to case from Pascal. Syntax is <cf>case <m/expr/ { else |
<m/num_or_prefix [ .. num_or_prefix]/ : <m/statement/ ; [ ... ] }</cf>. Expression after
<cf>case</cf> can be of any type that can be on the left side of ~ operator, and anything that could
be member of set is allowed before :. Multiple commands are allowed without {} grouping. If argument
matches neither of : clauses, else: clause is used. (Case is actually implemented as set matching,
internally.)
<sect>Protocols
@ -273,7 +290,7 @@ it and broadcasts it back. Broadcasts are done in regular intervals. Therefore,
unreachable, routers keep telling each other that distance is old distance plus 1 (actually, plus
interface metric, which is usually one). After some time, distance reaches infinity (that's 15 in
rip) and all routers know that network is unreachable. Rip tries to minimize situations where
counting to infinity is neccessary, because it is slow. Due to infinity being 16, you can not use
counting to infinity is necessary, because it is slow. Due to infinity being 16, you can not use
rip on networks where maximal distance is bigger than 15 hosts. You can read more about rip at <HTMLURL
URL="http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/rip-charter.html">.
@ -282,15 +299,18 @@ URL="http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/rip-charter.html">.
<p>In addition to options generic to other protocols, rip supports following options:
<descrip>
<tag/authentication none|password|md5/ selects authenticaion method to use. None means that
<tag/authentication none|password|md5/ selects authentication method to use. None means that
packets are not authenticated at all, password means that plaintext password is embedded
into each packet, and md5 means that packets are authenticated using md5 cryptographics
into each packet, and md5 means that packets are authenticated using md5 cryptographic
hash. If you set authentication to non-none, it is good idea to add <cf>passwords { }</cf>
section.
<tag>honor always|neighbor|never </tag>specifies, when should be routing table updates
honored. (Always, when sent from host on directly connected network, or never.)
</descrip>
<p>There are two options that can be specified per-interface. First is <cf>metric</cf>, with
default one. Second is <cf>mode broadcast|quiet|nolisten|version1</cf>, it selects mode for
default one. Second is <cf>mode multicast|broadcast|quiet|nolisten|version1</cf>, it selects mode for
rip to work in. If nothing is specified, rip runs in multicasts mode. <cf>version1</cf> is
currently equivalent to <cf>broadcast</cf>, and it makes rip talk at broadcast address even
through multicast mode is possible. <cf>quiet</cf> option means that rip will not transmit
@ -303,7 +323,7 @@ other than equally (mis-)configured bird. I warned you.
<descrip>
<tag>port <M>number</M></tag>
selects IP port to operate on, default 520. (This is usefull when testing bird, if you
selects IP port to operate on, default 520. (This is useful when testing bird, if you
set this to address &gt;1024, you will not need to run bird with uid==0).
<tag>infinity <M>number</M></tag>
@ -343,3 +363,5 @@ protocol rip MyRIP_test {
</verb></cf>
</article>
# LocalWords: IPv4 IPv6 doctype verb